Stracker,
Vy imeete v vidy istochniki privodimie v stat'e. Zaivlenie ни в одном источнике slishkom sil'noe,
ne tak li? K tomu je, perevrali daje Britanicu, uj chto govorit' o bolee trudnoproveriaemikh istochnikakh?
Prostite, mne samomu interesno koe chto proverit', do togo kak otvetit' vam. Ia seichas ochen'
zagrujen, net vremeni kopat'sia. No, raz interesno, prishliu, ne volnuites'.
Cifry ne meniautsia. CD-versia 2002 nija, knijnaia - v attache. Khotite - prishliu esche francuzskuiu
Universalis, tol'ko ona, estestvenno, na francuzskom.
Kstati, ia vyiasnil otkuda poiavilas' cifra 600.000 jertv: eto issledovania A.Toynbee, doklad 1916go
goda, opisivaet sobitia tol'ko 1915 goda!!! Ponimaete, o chem ia?
Genocid prodoljals'ia do nachala 1923 goda, do Lozanskoi conferencii.
Kto takoi Toynbee, nadeius' znaete, ottomanov on otniud' ne nenavidel, daje naoborot: sravnival ikh
imperiu (pri ee rascvete) s "ideal'nim gosudarstvom" Platona.
Ruben
Ottoman Empire ->The empire from 1807 to 1920 -> Dissolution of the empire
The people In 1914 the total population of the Ottoman Empire was approximately 25 million,
of which about 10 million were Turks, 6 million Arabs, 1.5 million Kurds, 1.5 million
Greeks, and between 1.5 million and 2 million Armenians. The population of the empire
(excluding such virtually independent areas as Egypt, Romania, and Serbia) in the period
immediately prior to the losses of 1878 is estimated to have been about 26 million. Natural
increases and Muslim immigration from Russia and the Balkans virtually made up the losses,
and in 1914 the population was increasingly homogeneous in religion and language, though a
variety of languages continued to be spoken
Armenia->History The greatest single disaster in the history of the Armenians came with the
outbreak of World War I. In 1915 the Young Turk government resolved to deport the whole
Armenian population of about 1,750,000 to Syria and Mesopotamia. It regarded the Turkish
Armenians-despite pledges of loyalty by many-as a dangerous foreign element bent on
conspiring with the pro-Christian tsarist enemy to upset the Ottoman campaign in the east.
In what would later be known as the “first genocide” of the 20th century, hundreds of
thousands of Armenians were driven from their homes, massacred, or marched until they died.
The death toll of Armenians in Turkey has been estimated at between 600,000 and 1,500,000
in the years from 1915 to 1923. (See Researcher's Note: Armenian massacres.) Tens of
thousands emigrated to Russia, Lebanon, Syria, France, and the United States, and the
western part of the historical homeland of the Armenian people was emptied of Armenians.
Researchers' Notes
Armenian massacres
Statistics are Спорed regarding the Armenian population in Ottoman Anatolia at the
outbreak of World War I and the number of Armenians killed during deportation. The most
disparate numbers have been promulgated by Turkish and Armenian sources; scholars agree
that propaganda from both sides has greatly confounded the issue. No systematic census was
taken in Turkey before 1927, although conflicting population statistics were variously
reported by the Ottoman government, religious institutions such as the Armenian
Patriarchate, and assorted European observers. In 1896 the Ottoman government recorded
1,144,000 Armenians out of a total Anatolian population of 13,241,000. In an examination of
government statistics collected shortly before World War I, Justin McCarthy estimates that
some 1,500,000 Armenians lived in Ottoman Anatolia in 1912 out of approximately 17,500,000
inhabitants. Various scholars cite the Armenian Patriarchate, which recorded from 1,845,000
to 2,100,000 Armenians in Anatolia prior to 1915. Other estimates range from as low as
1,000,000 to more than 3,500,000. Questions have been raised about the reliability of some
local data; therefore, some preference has been given to data collected by European
observers. One of the more renowned compilers of Western research, reports, and available
data was Arnold J. Toynbee, who served during the war as an intelligence officer for the
British Foreign Office. Toynbee calculated that some 1,800,000 Armenians had lived in
Anatolia prior to the war. Taking into account the reports of Toynbee and other
aforementioned sources, Britannica has taken the figure of 1,750,000 as a reasonable
representation of the Armenian population in Anatolia prior to 1915. Also problematic are
reports regarding the number of Armenians who died during deportation (1915-16). Estimates
range widely--from 200,000 claimed by some Turkish sources to 2,000,000 claimed by some
Armenians--although most scholars agree that the lack of death records makes a final
determination impossible. The Turkish government repeats Talat Pasa's original claim that
some 300,000 Armenians had died in deportation. As with the problem of the aforementioned
population statistics, the subjectivity of some sources has caused greater value to be
placed on the reports of European observers. Toynbee judges that some 600,000 Armenians
died or were massacred during deportation, possibly 600,000 more survived in exile, and
another 600,000 either escaped or went into hiding. By independent calculation, McCarthy
has arrived at the same number of deaths, and many historians either cite Toynbee directly
or provide similar estimates.
Most histories of Armenia or Turkey make note of the Armenian massacres that occurred during
World War I. Detailed treatments are given in the following works:Brief discussions or
related data are given in numerous sources, such as those listed below:
GERARD CHALIAND and YVES TERNON, The Armenians: From Genocide to Resistance (1983;
originally published in French, 1980). KAMURAN GÜRÜN, The Armenian File: The Myth of
Innocence Exposed (1985). JUSTIN McCARTHY, Muslims and Minorities: The Population of Ottoman
Anatolia and the End of the Empire (1983). THE PERMANENT PEOPLE'S TRIBUNAL, A Crime of
Silence, ed. by GERARD LIBARIDIAN, trans. from French (1985); includes “British Sources on
the Armenian Massacres, 1915-1916” by Christopher J. Walker, “German Eyewitness Reports of
the Genocide of the Armenians, 1915-1916” by T. Hofmann, “Report on the Genocide of the
Armenians of the Ottoman Empire, 1915-1916” by Yves Ternon, and “The Turkish Argument: The
Armenian Issue in Nine Questions and Answers” by the Foreign Policy Institute,
Ankara.ARNOLD J. TOYNBEE (ed.), The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915-16
(1916). YVES TERNON, The Armenians: History of a Genocide, 2nd ed. (1990; originally
published in French, 1977). CHRISTOPHER J. WALKER, Armenia: The Survival of a Nation (1980).
VINCENT HENRY PENALVER CAILLARD, “Turkey,” The Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed., vol. 27
(1911), p. 426. GLENN E. CURTIS (ed.), Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia: Country Studies
(1995), pp. 14-15, 35. CAGLAR KEYDER, “The Political Economy of Turkish Democracy,” in
PIRVIN C. SCHICK and ERTUGRUL AHMET TONAK (eds.), Turkey in Transition (1987), p. 31. LORD
KINROSS (PATRICK BALFOUR, BARON KINROSS), The Ottoman Centuries (1977), pp. 554, 606. ANAT
KURZ and ARIEL MERARI, ASALA--Irrational Terror or Political Tool (1985), pp. 11, 113. DAVID
MARSHALL LANG, Armenia: Cradle of Civilization, 2nd ed., corrected (1978), p. 289. HARRIS M.
LENTZ, III, Assassinations and Executions (1988), p. 45.BERNARD LEWIS, The Emergence of
Modern Turkey, 2nd ed. (1968), p. 356. PAUL M. PITMAN, III (ed.), Turkey: A Country Study,
4th ed. (1988), pp. 37, 41. MINORITY RIGHTS GROUP (ed.), World Directory of Minorities
(1990), p. 179.M. PHILIPS PRICE, A History of Turkey (1956), pp. 90-91. STANFORD SHAW and
EZEL KURAL SHAW, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, vol. 2 (1977), p. 316.
PETER YOUNG (ed.), The Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I, vol. 5
(1984), pp. 1322-23. ERIK J. ZÜRCHER, Turkey: A Modern History (1993), pp. 86-89, 119-121.
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